PT-141 Safe

§08 · The literature

PT-141 References and Sources

Every claim on this datasheet maps to a numbered source below — peer-reviewed studies, reviews, and the FDA prescribing information.

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How to read this list

These are the PT-141 references behind every numbered claim on this site. Each entry carries its authors, journal, year, and a PubMed link or DOI so a careful reader can verify the source directly. The list is ordered to match the inline citation numbers used across the datasheet. Where a finding is contested — such as the 2008 erectile-dysfunction study now under a 2023 Expression of Concern — that status is flagged on the page that cites it, not buried here.

  1. Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. ↗
  2. Pfaus J, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:10201-10204. ↗
  3. Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. ↗
  4. Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):909-917. ↗
  5. Thurston L, Hunjan T, Mills EG, Wall MB, Ertl N, Phylactou M, et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor agonism enhances sexual brain processing in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(19):e152341. ↗
  6. Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA, Mermelstein PG, Meisel RL. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2025;267:110299. ↗
  7. U.S. Food and Drug Administration / DailyMed. Bremelanotide Injection — US Prescribing Information. 2019. ↗
  8. Nappi RE, Tiranini L, Martini E, Bosoni D, Righi A, Cucinella L. Medical Treatment of Female Sexual Dysfunction. Urol Clin North Am. 2022. ↗
  9. Al Shaer D, Al Musaimi O, Albericio F, de la Torre BG. 2019 FDA TIDES (Peptides and Oligonucleotides) Harvest. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2020;13(3):40. ↗
  10. Dhillon S, Keam SJ. Bremelanotide: First Approval. Drugs. 2019;79:1599-1606. ↗
  11. Mayer D, Lynch SE. Bremelanotide: New Drug Approved for Treating Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Ann Pharmacother. 2020;54(7):684-690. ↗
  12. Cipriani S, Maseroli E, Vignozzi L. An evaluation of bremelanotide injection for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2023;24(1):15-21. ↗
  13. Hellstrom WJ. Clinical applications of centrally acting agents in male sexual dysfunction. Int J Impot Res. 2008. ↗
  14. Pyke RE, Clayton AH. Effect Size in Efficacy Trials of Women With Decreased Sexual Desire. Sex Med Rev. 2018. ↗
  15. Shadiack AM, Althof S. Preclinical effects of melanocortins in male sexual dysfunction. Int J Impot Res. 2008. ↗